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A parliament in a hurry | Dawn
This article was published in Dawn News on November 20, 2021. It is available here: https://www.dawn.com/news/1659145/a-parliament-in-a-hurry
THERE may be many things wrong about the joint sitting of...
The defining moment for Pakistan’s election commission is here | Arab News
This article was published in Arab News on November 19, 2021. It is available here: https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1971301
The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) released two extraordinary...
Accountability compromised | Dawn
THE subject of accountability has always been emotive, deeply divisive and highly controversial in Pakistan
Key Words: Accountability, NAB, Pakistan, Rule of Law
Key Words: Accountability, NAB, Pakistan, Rule of Law
Absentee young voters in Pakistan | Arab News
It is common knowledge that overall voter turnout in Pakistan is traditionally quite low. At an average of 47 percent in the past 1o elections
Key Words: Voter Turnout, Youth Voter Turnout, Young Voters
Key Words: Voter Turnout, Youth Voter Turnout, Young Voters
The next 22 months | Dawn
ANY government would feel overwhelmed by the challenges it expects to face in the remaining 22 months of its 60-month term but more so in the case of the current PTI-led government
key words: Electoral reforms, DG ISI, PTI
key words: Electoral reforms, DG ISI, PTI
Pakistan’s elusive local governments! | Arab News
Nothing underscores the superficiality of Pakistani democracy better than the continuing absence of elected local governments across the country
key words: Local Governments, Governance, Pakistan
key words: Local Governments, Governance, Pakistan
Challenges to legislation | Dawn
This article was published in Dawn on September 25, 2021 and is available at the following link
https://www.dawn.com/news/1648321/challenges-to-legislation
LEGISLATION is the primary function of the national...
Confrontations between Pakistan government and election commission may lead to systemic change | Arab News
The ongoing confrontation between the government and the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) is unprecedented. Opposition political parties criticized ECP in the past but this is probably the first time in the history of Pakistan
key words: Electoral Reforms, ECP, PTI
key words: Electoral Reforms, ECP, PTI
Other electoral reforms | Dawn
DEBATES, commentaries and analyses about Electronic Voting Machines have been dominating the print and electronic media over the past three months or so, and it is likely that the subject will continue to take centre stage in the political discourse for the better part of the remaining two years of the present government’s term
key words: Electoral Reforms, PTI, Parliament
key words: Electoral Reforms, PTI, Parliament
Imagining the next election | Dawn
THE fourth year of the government has barely begun but the prospects of the next election, which is not scheduled before the autumn of 2023, are already being widely discussed
key words: General Election 2023, ECP, Census 2017
key words: General Election 2023, ECP, Census 2017
Pakistan’s parliament in three years of PTI rule | Arab News
Both the fifteenth National Assembly of Pakistan and the PTI-led federal government completed their three years just five days apart; the assembly on August 12 and the government on August 17, 2021
key words: PTI, 3 Years Performance, Parliamentary Performance
key words: PTI, 3 Years Performance, Parliamentary Performance
AGP’s appointment | Dawn
THE auditor general of Pakistan (AGP) has just retired and, at the time of writing, the government must be going through the process of appointing a new full-time AGP
key words: AGP, Appointment, PTI
key words: AGP, Appointment, PTI
Defending intra-party differences | Dawn
THE so-called ‘two narratives’, or opposing point of views, within the PML-N have drawn the attention of the media and political opponents
key words: PML-N, Intra-party differences, Political Parties
key words: PML-N, Intra-party differences, Political Parties
India’s UNSC presidency and why it won’t hurt Pakistan | Arab News
Ordinarily, the election of a country as President of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) should be a routine affair and not merit much discussion but there are reasons that the recent election of India to this coveted position for the month of August is being debated
key words: UNSC, India, Pakistan
key words: UNSC, India, Pakistan
Not on talking terms | Dawn
THE five-member Election Commission of Pakistan is once again lacking its full strength after members belonging to Punjab and KP retired on July 26
key words: ECP, PTI, PML-N
key words: ECP, PTI, PML-N
A toxic discourse | Dawn
THE recent campaigning for the Legislative Assembly election in Azad Jammu & Kashmir has taken political confrontation to a new low
key words: AJK Elections, PTI, Polarisation
key words: AJK Elections, PTI, Polarisation
International obligations | Dawn
IN this age of globalisation, nations are voluntarily giving up a part of their legislative sovereignty to supranational entities like the European Union (EU) and global agencies like the UN
key words: FATF, Legislation, PTI, Parliament
key words: FATF, Legislation, PTI, Parliament
Politics of overseas Pakistanis’ vote | Arab News
Since 1993, the question of enabling overseas Pakistanis to vote in Pakistani elections from their respective countries of residence has been hanging fire
key words: I-Voting, Overseas Pakistanis, Voting
key words: I-Voting, Overseas Pakistanis, Voting
Thoughts on the opposition | Dawn
THERE has been frequent and sometimes harsh criticism of the PTI-led federal government for its performance and quality of governance since the beginning of its tenure
key words: Opposition, Performance, Federal budget
key words: Opposition, Performance, Federal budget
Controversial poll reforms | Dawn
ARGUABLY the most controversial package of electoral reform proposals in the history of Pakistan is halfway through the parliamentary cycle to become a law
key words: Electoral Reforms, PTI, Parliament
key words: Electoral Reforms, PTI, Parliament
The UNGA special session on corruption fell way short of expectations | Arab News
The United Nations General Assembly just concluded a unique special session from June 2 to June 4. It was the first ever session devoted to the issue of corruption in the history of the Assembly
key words: Corruption, UNGA, UNCAC
key words: Corruption, UNGA, UNCAC
Test case of political finance | Dawn
THE regulation of political finance (PF) offers one of the greatest challenges to democracies around the world
key words: Political Finance, Political Parties, ECP
key words: Political Finance, Political Parties, ECP
Technology and elusive electoral credibility | Arab News
The federal government under the directions of Prime Minister Imran Khan seems to be in over-drive mode to introduce technology in electoral processes before the next general election due in 2023
key words: EVM, ECP, Technology in Elections
key words: EVM, ECP, Technology in Elections
Cabinet or a deck of cards? | Dawn
MORE than halfway into his five-year term, Prime Minister Imran Khan reshuffled his cabinet for the sixth time on April 16
key words: 6th Reshuffle in Federal Cabinet, PM
key words: 6th Reshuffle in Federal Cabinet, PM
How to mismanage an alliance | Dawn
THE Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM), the most recent of the alliances of opposition political parties, is facing an existential threat. The ANP, one of the 10 constituent parties, has already announced its decision to dissociate itself from the alliance
ket words: PDM Alliance, Opposition Parties
ket words: PDM Alliance, Opposition Parties
Meeting in quarantine: The wrong message | Arab News
It was unexpected and shocking when Prime Minister Imran Khan, four days into quarantine after testing positive for coronavirus infection, chose to chair a meeting of his media team at his Bani Gala residence
key words : PM, COVID-19, Meeting in Quarantine
key words : PM, COVID-19, Meeting in Quarantine
A price for independence | Dawn
IT was simply unprecedented. Three senior ministers of the government of Pakistan addressed a press conference using the official premises of the Press Information Department and demanded the resignation of the entire Election Commission of Pakistan
key words: Election Commission, ECP, ECP powers
key words: Election Commission, ECP, ECP powers
ECP: the sleeping giant? | Arab News
The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) has generally been criticized over its perceived or real inability to hold credible elections. The results of the last two general elections are bitterly contested till even today
key words: ECP powers, Senate Election, SC
key words: ECP powers, Senate Election, SC
By-election fiasco | Dawn
BY-ELECTIONS do spring surprises occasionally but despite the uncertainty about individual contests, these are considered sedate affairs in a democracy as, unlike a general election, the formation of a government is not at stake
key words: By-election 2021, Daska, Election Management, ECP
key words: By-election 2021, Daska, Election Management, ECP
Open or secret? | Dawn
THE Senate of Pakistan has existed since the 1973 Constitution was passed by the fifth legislature of the country. During this time, the election of senators has always been held through secret ballot
key words: Senate Election, Voting, Constitution
key words: Senate Election, Voting, Constitution
Foreign funding consequences | Dawn
FOUR major political parties of Pakistan, including the ruling party, are facing charges of receiving prohibited funds from foreign sources
key words: Foreign Funding of Political Parties, PTI Foreign Funding case
key words: Foreign Funding of Political Parties, PTI Foreign Funding case
PDM U-turns and possible opportunities | Arab News
The 10-party opposition alliance known as the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) was considering, not so long ago, that it would resign from the National Assembly and four provincial Assemblies under the mistaken belief that this would render the Senate electoral college incomplete and in turn
key words: PDM, Opposition Parties, PTI
key words: PDM, Opposition Parties, PTI
Debate on ordinances | Dawn
THE good news is that the debate on the use of ordinances as the preferred mode of legislation in Pakistan has recently gained momentum
key words: Ordinances, Legislation, Parliament
key words: Ordinances, Legislation, Parliament
Challenges of Governance in the New Decade | Global Village Space
Governance and its improvement are of critical importance to Pakistan. Pakistan ranks among bottom one-fifth of over 200 countries and territories of the world in quality of governance on the World Bank
key words: Quality of Governance, Pakistan, Challenges, WGI 2020
Preparing to govern in Pakistan: the case for shadow cabinets | Arab News
Prime Minister Imran Khan recently invited a great deal of criticism by admitting that he and his party, PTI, were not ready to govern the country when they won the election in July 2018
key words: Shadow cabinets, Governance, Democracy, Political Parties
key words: Shadow cabinets, Governance, Democracy, Political Parties
Evaluation performance | dawn
TWO extraordinary things happened on Dec 22 — in the context of chasing elusive good governance in Pakistan
key words: PTI, Governance, Performance Agreements, Federal Cabinet
key words: PTI, Governance, Performance Agreements, Federal Cabinet
A risky plan | Dawn
IF the Senate election takes place in March 2021 as scheduled, the PTI is likely to emerge as the largest party in the house, displacing the PML-N from that position
key words: Senate election, PDM resignations
key words: Senate election, PDM resignations
Pakistan’s obsession with elusive accountability | Arab News
Accountability has been political Pakistan’s obsession from day one – literally
key words: NAO, NAB, Accountability
key words: NAO, NAB, Accountability
Poll reforms, again | Dawn
PRIME MINISTER Imran Khan has once again expressed his intention to introduce three key electoral reforms
key words: ECP, Electoral reforms, PTI
key words: ECP, Electoral reforms, PTI
Bitter political play in Pakistan has dampened COVID-19 containment | Arab News
During the last nine months, the details and extent of playing politics right in the middle of the pandemic are different in different societies, but political considerations have continued to dominate almost all multi-party democracies including Pakistan
key words: COVID-19, NCOC, Federal and Provincial Governments
key words: COVID-19, NCOC, Federal and Provincial Governments
Production orders | Dawn
THE subject of production orders for detained legislators is once again in the headlines
key words: Production Order, Speaker, Parliament
key words: Production Order, Speaker, Parliament
High time parliament said ‘aye’ for new voting system | Arab News
Pakistan needs a new parliamentary vote-counting system as the flawed one it has once again came into focus during the passage of the controversial Islamabad Capital Territory Waqf Properties Bill 2020 on Sept. 16
key words: Voting system in Parliament, Vote Count, Parliament
key words: Voting system in Parliament, Vote Count, Parliament
Evaluating the performance of Balochistan assembly | Arab News
I have been observing the national and provincial legislatures in Pakistan and abroad for nearly two decades
key words: Balochistan Assembly, Performance, Provincial Assemblies
key words: Balochistan Assembly, Performance, Provincial Assemblies
Parliamentary performance | Dawn
HE 15th National Assembly completed two years on Aug 17. Its performance during this period has been the subject of discussion in the past few days
key words: Performance, Parliament, First 2 Years of National Assembly
key words: Performance, Parliament, First 2 Years of National Assembly
Performance debate | Dawn
SUDDENLY, the debate on government performance seems to be all over the place. On second thoughts, it may not be so sudden
key words: PTI, Governance Performance, 100 days agenda
key words: PTI, Governance Performance, 100 days agenda
The new ECP’s challenges | Dawn
THE five-member Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) is finally complete after a painful and protracted process of consultation between the government and the opposition to fill three vacancies including that of the chief election commissioner
key words: ECP, Appointments in EC, Voter Turnout
key words: ECP, Appointments in EC, Voter Turnout
Decisions taken today could shape the politics of the future for Pakistan | Arab News
With 2018 coming to a close, there is increasing concern about the political scenarios that will unfold next year
Key Words: Assessment of Democracy 2018, PTI, Democracy
Key Words: Assessment of Democracy 2018, PTI, Democracy
100 days on, several hurdles lie on the road ahead for the PTI | Arab News
Today, Prime Minister Imran Khan’s government completes its first 100 days in office
key words: 100 days of PTI Government, PTI, Governance
key words: 100 days of PTI Government, PTI, Governance
The challenges of election day | Dawn
ONE must confess that, despite all the hard work of the Election Commission, a dark cloud of suspicion did hang over polling day on July 25
key words: Fairness of GE2018; Election-Day Management, ECP
key words: Fairness of GE2018; Election-Day Management, ECP
Institutional Capacity and Governance in Pakistan: A Case Study of Parliament | Wilson Center
Pakistan’s constitution provides for a federal parliamentary system of government, with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government
key words: Performance of Parliament, Wilson Center
key words: Performance of Parliament, Wilson Center
Poll transparency reversed | Dawn
THE Elections Act, 2017, passed by parliament and signed into law by the president of Pakistan in October 2017, has been rightly hailed as a major milestone in electoral reforms in Pakistan
key words: Elections Act, 2017, Electoral Reforms, ECP
key words: Elections Act, 2017, Electoral Reforms, ECP
The march of democracy | Dawn
WITH the announcement of a polling date for 52 seats of the 104-member Senate by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP), the uncertainty about the Senate election, and the electoral process in Pakistan in general
key words: Senate Elections 2018, Quality of Democracy, Democracy in Pakistan
key words: Senate Elections 2018, Quality of Democracy, Democracy in Pakistan
A gulf that must be bridged | Dawn
CIVIL-MILITARY tensions are not a new development in Pakistan. We have lived with this phenomenon for decades and have seen four spells of military rule
key words: Civil Military Relations, NSC
key words: Civil Military Relations, NSC
Critical times for parliament | Dawn
THE recent appearance of Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah, before a Supreme Court bench in Karachi to explain the poor state of drinking water supply and sewerage systems in his province once again illustrates a major imbalance that has occurred among the three branches of the state
key words: Parliamentary Committees, Parliament, Water and Sanitation
key words: Parliamentary Committees, Parliament, Water and Sanitation
Legislators’ vanishing act | Dawn
POOR attendance by a sizeable number of members of the national parliament and the provincial assemblies in Pakistan is almost a norm and so is the frequent interruption in parliamentary proceedings due to lack of quorum
key words: MPs Attendance, Parliament, National Assembly
key words: MPs Attendance, Parliament, National Assembly
Elusive consensus | Dawn
THE quest again seems to be on for a consensus on a new accountability law. Initially, the major political parties had appeared to agree on repealing the existing National Accountability Ordinance, 1999
key words: NAO, NAB, Accountability
key words: NAO, NAB, Accountability
Poll law confusion | Dawn
RECENT events in the two houses of parliament in the capital have once again exposed the weaknesses of the legislative process and the lack of interest shown by most parliamentarians in an important function which bestows on them the title of ‘legislators’
key words: Electoral Reforms, Parliament, ECP
key words: Electoral Reforms, Parliament, ECP
Parliament & accountability | Dawn
AFTER the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified Nawaz Sharif as prime minister, a welcome debate has focused on the role of the various institutions in installing a robust system of accountability and making that system work
key words: Parliament, Accountability Laws, NAB
key words: Parliament, Accountability Laws, NAB
Episode or system? | Dawn
EVERY few years, we in Pakistan hold a powerful individual or a group of individuals to account through extraordinary arrangements
key words: Accountability, Accountability in Pakistan
key words: Accountability, Accountability in Pakistan
Law to regulate budget | Dawn
DESPITE all the protests, walkouts and boycotts by the opposition, the National Assembly has passed the federal budget for the next financial year
key words: Parliamentary Budget Process, NA, Federal Budget
key words: Parliamentary Budget Process, NA, Federal Budget
Voting from abroad | Dawn
VOTING is an emotive and long-standing issue for some eight million overseas Pakistanis scattered around 140 countries
key words: Oversease voting, ECP, I-Voting, Electoral Reforms
key words: Oversease voting, ECP, I-Voting, Electoral Reforms
The case of EVMs | Dawn
ELECTRONIC voting machines (EVMs) seem to have gained greater currency, and popularity as well, in our electoral discourse over the past few years
key words: EVM, Electoral Reforms, ECP
key words: EVM, Electoral Reforms, ECP
Owning the fight | Dawn
IT was only through an ISPR press release that the nation came to know that the Pakistan Army had launched Operation Raddul Fasaad across the country
key words: Civil Military Relations, ISPR, Operation Raddul Fasasd
key words: Civil Military Relations, ISPR, Operation Raddul Fasasd
Who pays for the brawls? | Dawn
ON Jan 26, the National Assembly witnessed an ugly brawl involving quite a few honourable members of the house from the PML-N and the PTI, along with at least one independent member
key words: National Assembly, Ruckus, MPs
key words: National Assembly, Ruckus, MPs
Where are the women voters? | Dawn
AS we get closer to 2018 when the current national and provincial assemblies complete their five-year term, several election-related issues are attracting the attention of decision-makers and other stakeholders
key words: Women Voters, ECP, Electoral Rolls
key words: Women Voters, ECP, Electoral Rolls
Give LGs a chance | Dawn
LOCAL governments are important for the entire country but carry special significance for the largest province in the federation — Punjab
key words: Local Government, Punjab, LG
key words: Local Government, Punjab, LG
How many ministers? | Dawn
WHAT the size of a cabinet of ministers should be is a question of both public and media interest, and a subject of frequent discussions in many countries
key words: Size of Federal Cabinet, Constitution
key words: Size of Federal Cabinet, Constitution
Women’s legislative performance | Dawn
EVER since almost 17 per cent of seats in Pakistan’s directly elected legislatures were reserved for women, a pattern has emerged of women legislators performing better than their male counterparts in the national parliament and the provincial legislatures over the last 13 years
key words: Women M
key words: Women M
One after another | Dawn
THE recent multiparty conference (MPC) convened by the prime minister on Oct 3 settled, among other things, that the National Security Committee of Parliament be reconstituted to coordinate efforts
key words: NSC, Civil Military Relations
key words: NSC, Civil Military Relations
Running the political engine | Dawn
THERE are ample signs that money in politics, or ‘political finance’, will assume much greater importance in the next general election and even during the run-up to the election
key words: Political Financing, Political Parties, Assets and Liabilities, ECP
Remember electoral reforms? | Dawn
THE Parliamentary Committee on Electoral Reforms which was constituted on July 25, 2014 to submit its report by Oct 24, 2014, seems to have set some kind of a record by overshooting its target date by a full 23 months
key words: Electoral Reforms, ECP, Parliament
key words: Electoral Reforms, ECP, Parliament
Parliament’s inertia on NAP | Dawn
SELDOM has Pakistan seen such open and repeated finger-pointing between the civil and military leadership as on the question of the implementation of the National Action Plan against terrorism
key words; National Action Plan, NAP, Parliament
key words; National Action Plan, NAP, Parliament
Transparent leaders | Dawn
LEGISLATORS’ statements of assets and liabilities are once again in the news, after the leaked Panama Papers raised serious questions about the financial transparency of political leadership in Pakistan
key words: Assets and Liabilities, Legislators, ECP
key words: Assets and Liabilities, Legislators, ECP
Is a commission enough? | Dawn
The Panama leaks have led to the welcome development of corruption at high places being widely discussed, debated and condemned in the media, public and parliament
key words: Panama Papers, Accountability
key words: Panama Papers, Accountability
The right to information | Dawn
AFTER the new governments of KP and Punjab passed their respective, internationally acclaimed Right to Information (RTI) laws and established their independent information commissions in 2013
key words: RTI
key words: RTI
Absent from the house | Dawn
PARLIAMENT in Pakistan posted some noticeable improvements during 2015 including greater transparency in members’ attendance records
key words: Attendance in Parliament, Performance of National Assembly
key words: Attendance in Parliament, Performance of National Assembly
The calculus of ordinances | Dawn
THE promulgation of the Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (Conversion) Ordinance on Dec 7, merely 48 hours before the National Assembly was to begin its session, has once again stoked debate on how democratic is the practice of legislating through presidential decree
key words: Ordinances, India, Pakistan
key words: Ordinances, India, Pakistan
Whither NSC? | Dawn
A RECENT ISPR press release alluding to poor governance by federal and provincial governments, and the rejoinder by the Prime Minister’s Office, once again underscored the urgent need for formal institutions of the state where diverse, and sometimes competing, views on national security can be discussed among various stakeholders
key words: National Security Committee, Civil Military Relations, Inter Institutional Relations, NSC
key words: National Security Committee, Civil Military Relations, Inter Institutional Relations, NSC
Faults of the electoral system | Dawn
THE decisions of the two election tribunals hearing poll petitions on the NA-122, Lahore-V and NA-154, Lodhran-I constituencies were announced in quick succession last month
key words: By-election 2015, ECP, Electoral Process
key words: By-election 2015, ECP, Electoral Process
Election gone wrong | Dawn
BARELY six months after the Peshawar Army Public School tragedy that left almost 150 schoolchildren and others dead in a terrorist attack, some six million voters turned out to vote in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa local government election braving not only the terrorists’ threat but also the hot weather
key words: KP Local Government Elections 2015, ECP
key words: KP Local Government Elections 2015, ECP
Budget and the parliament | Dawn
THE National Assembly of Pakistan is about to go through its annual ritual of receiving and passing the federal budget — without, in all probability, any meaningful scrutiny, or budget-focused debate
key words: Parliamentary Budget Process, Federal Budget 2015-2016
key words: Parliamentary Budget Process, Federal Budget 2015-2016
Arbitrary changes | Dawn
THE Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) quietly changed its rules for by-elections in three national and provincial assembly constituencies on May 7, 2015
key words: By-election 2015, ECP, Electoral Process
key words: By-election 2015, ECP, Electoral Process
Senate questions | Dawn
THE three-year democratic ritual of electing half the Senate is over but it has left a trail of questions that need to be discussed, debated and resolved in a democratic spirit
key words: Senate Elections 2015, FATA Senators, Electoral Reforms
key words: Senate Elections 2015, FATA Senators, Electoral Reforms
Whither electoral reforms? | Dawn
ELECTORAL reforms once again seem to be disappearing from the federal government’s radar <>br
key words: Electoral Reforms, 2013 Parliament
key words: Electoral Reforms, 2013 Parliament
The way forward | Dawn
A FEW weeks ago, I had tried to summarise a case for some key electoral reforms proposals (‘A case for urgent poll reforms’) in this paper
key words: Electoral Reforms, 2013 Parliament
key words: Electoral Reforms, 2013 Parliament
A case for urgent poll reforms | Dawn
Electoral reforms are at the centre of the on-going political crisis. Although the campaign against alleged electoral irregularities during the 2013 elections has snowballed into a full-blown movement against the current government
key words: Electoral Reforms, 2013 Parliament
key words: Electoral Reforms, 2013 Parliament
Strains already | Dawn
The ISPR press release of April 7 demonstrated the communication gap between the political and military leadership
key words: Civil Military Relations, Nawaz Sharif
key words: Civil Military Relations, Nawaz Sharif
Delimitation in Karachi | Dawn
THE question of fresh delimitation of constituencies in Karachi ahead of the general election requires careful reconsideration by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP)
key words: ECP, Delimitation in Karachi
key words: ECP, Delimitation in Karachi
Civil society engagement in democratic transition in Pakistan | United Nations University Press
Democracy in Pakistan has not been a linear process. The socio-political history of the nation has been punctuated by military rule and the ebb and flow of civil society agitation, largely in response to such martial leadership
key words: Democratic Transition, Pakistan, Civil Society
key words: Democratic Transition, Pakistan, Civil Society
Through a Pakistani lens | India-Seminar.com
NEARLY four decades after the secession of East Pakistan – now Bangladesh – most Pakistanis continue to see Bangladesh and its experiments with democracy through a three-faceted prism
key words: Banglades, Economy, Role of Military
key words: Banglades, Economy, Role of Military
